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146. Adelfinskaya, O., Davisson, V.J. and Bergstrom, D.E 2005. Synthesis and structural analysis of oxadiazole carboxamide deoxyribonucleoside analogs Nucleosides Nucleotides & Nucleic acids 45: 1919-1945

145. Carrasco, N., Caton-Williams, J., Brandt, G., Wang, S. and Huang Z. 2006. Efficient Enzymatic Synthesis of Phosphoroselenoate RNA by using Adenosine 5 (alfa-P-Seleno) triphosphate Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45: 94-97

144. Kawai, R.,Kimoto, M.,Ikeda, S.,Mitsui,T.,Masayuki E., Yokoyama, S.and Hirao I. 2005. Site-Specific Fluorescent Labeling of RNA Molecules by Specific Transcription Using Unnatural Base Pairs J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127:(49) 17286 - 17295

143. Moriyama,K. ,Kimoto,M., Mitsui,T., Yokoyama, S., Hirao,I. 2005. Site-specific biotinylation of RNA molecules by transcription using unnatural base pairs Nucleic Acids Reseearch 33:(15) e129

142. Xu, Z. , Liu, H. Wennefors, C.K. ; Dobrikov, M. I.; Ludwig, J.; .Shaw,B.R 2005.A Novel synthesis of alfa-P-Modified Nucleoside Diphosphates with Ethylediamine J.Am.Chem.Soc .127:16764-16765

141. Misiura, K., Szymanowicz, D. and Stec, W.J. 2005. Synthesis of nucleoside alpha-thiotriphosphates via an oxathiaphospholane approach Organic Letters 7:2217-2220

140. Kato, Y . ,Minakawa, N., Komatsu, Y. ,Kamiya, H., Ogawa, H., Harashima, H. , and Matsuda, A . 2005. New NTP analogs: the synthesis of 4 '-thioUTP and 4 '-thioCTP and their utility for SELEX Nucleic Acids Research 7:2942-2951

139. Zou, K.Y. , Horhota, A., Yu, B., Szostak, J. W. , McLaughlin, L.W. 2005. Synthesis of alpha-L-threofuranosyl nucleoside triphosphates (tNTPs) Organic Letters 7:1485-1487

138.Crey-Desbiolles, C. , Berthet, N. , Kotera, M. , Dumy, P. 2005. Hybridization properties and enzymatic replication of oligonucleotides containing the photocleavable 7-nitroindole base analog Nucleic Acids Research 33:1532-1543

137. Ping, L. , Shaw, B.R. 2004. Convenient synthesis of nucleoside borane diphosphate analogues: Deoxy- and ribonucleoside 5 '-P-alpha-boranodiphosphates Journal of Organic Chemistry 126:7051-7057

136.Vaught, J. D., Dewey, T., Eaton, B. E. 2004. T7 RNA polymerase transcription with 5-position modified UTP derivatives Journal of the American Chemical Society 126:11231-11237

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134.Wu, W. D., Meyers, C. L. F., Borch, R. F. 2004. A novel method for the preparation of nucleoside triphosphates from activated nucleoside phosphoramidates Organic Letters 6:2257-2260

133.Abramova, T. V., Bakharev, P. A., Vasilyeva, S. V., Silnikov, V. N.. 2004. Synthesis of morpholine nucleoside triphosphates Tetrahedron Letters 45:4361-4364

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130. Mironov, V. F., Gubaidullin, A. T., Burnaeva, L. M., Litvinov, I. A., Ivkova, G. A., Romanov, S. V., Zyablikova, T. A., Konovalov, A. I., Konovalova, I. V.. 2004 Reactions of 2-alkoxy-4-oxo-5,6-benzo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanes with imines. Synthesis and steric structure of 6,7-benzo-1,4,2-oxazaphosphepine derivativess Russian Journal of General Chemistry.74: 32-47 .

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128.Silverman, S. K. 2004. Practical and general synthesis of 5 '-adenylated RNA (5 '-AppRNA). Rna-a Publication of the Rna Society. 10(4):731-746.

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125.Sismour, A. M., S. Lutz, J. H. Park, M. J. Lutz, P. L. Boyer, S. H. Hughes, and S. A. Benner. 2004. PCR amplification of DNA containing non-standard base pairs by variants of reverse transcriptase from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1. Nucleic Acids Research. 32(2):728-735.

124 Carrasco, N., Huang Z. 2004. Enzymatic Synthesis of Phosphoroselenoate DNA Using Thymidine 5'-(alfa-P- seleno)triphosphate and DNA Polymerase for X-ray Crystallography via MAD. Journal of the American Chemical Society 126(2):448-449.

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116.Held, H. A., A. Roychowdhury, and S. A. Benner. 2003. C-5 modified nucleosides: Direct insertion of alkynyl-thio functionality in pyrimidines.
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103. Matulic-Adamic J, Daniher AT, Karpeisky A, Haeberli P, Sweedler D, Beigelman L
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102. Lin JL, Porter KW, Shaw BR
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101. Lebedev AV, Koukhareva, II, Beck T, Vaghefi MM
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99. He KZ, Shaw BR
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98. Oyelere, A.K. and Strobel, S.A.
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97. Lin, J.L. and Shaw, B.R.
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91. Wojczewski, C., Schwarzer, K. and Engels, J.W.
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90. Matulic-Adamic, J., Daniher, A.T., Karpeisky, A., Haeberli, P., Sweedler, D. and Beigelman, L.
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89. Schoetzau, T., Koert, U. and Engels, J.W.
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88. Trevisiol, E., Defrancq, E., Lhomme, J., Laayoun, A. and Cros, P.
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84 Graham, S.M. and Pope, S.C.
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83. Wojczewski, C. and Engels, J.W.
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82. Sakash, J.B., Tsen, A. and Kantrowitz, E.R.
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81. Battersby, T.R., Ang, D.N., Burgstaller, P., Jurczyk, S.C., Bowser, M.T., Buchanan, D.D., Kennedy, R.T. and Benner, S.A.
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80. Fischer, B., Chulkin, A., Boyer, J.L., Harden, K.T., Gendron, F.P., Beaudoin, A.R., Chapal, J., Hillaire-Buys, D. and Petit, P.
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79. Stolze, K., Koert, U., Klingel, S., Sagner, G., Wartbichler, B. and Engels, J.W.
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78. Lutz, S., Burgstaller, P. and Benner, S.A.
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77. Jurczyk, S.C., Kodra, J.T., Park, J.H., Benner, S.A. and Battersby, T.R.
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76. Trevisiol, E., Defrancq, E., Lhomme, J., Laayoun, A., Hoang, A., Beseme, F. and Cros, P.
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75. He, K.Z., Porter, K.W., Hasan, A., Briley, J.D. and Shaw, B.R.
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74. Lutz, S. and Benner, S.A.
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73. Shi, J.X., McAtee, J.J., Wirtz, S.S., Tharnish, P., Juodawlkis, A., Liotta, D.C. and Schinazi, R.F.
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72. Martinez, C.I., Thoresen, L.H., Gibbs, R.A. and Burgess, K.
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71. Welch, M.B. and Burgess, K.
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70. Lerma, J.G.G., Schinazi, R.F., Juodawlkis, A.S., Soriano, V., Lin, Y.L., Tatti, K., Rimland, D., Folks, T.M. and Heneine, W.
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69. Rezende, M.C. and Boza, S.S.
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68. Vyle, J.S., Williams, N.H. and Grasby, J.A.
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67. He, K.H., Hasan, A., Krzyzanowska, B. and Shaw, B.R.
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66. Nguyen, H.K., Bonfils, E., Auffray, P., Costaglioli, P., Schmitt, P., Asseline, U., Durand, M., Maurizot, J.C., Dupret, D. and Thuong, N.T.
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65. Kazantsev, A.V. and Pace, N.R.
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64. Zelenko, O., Gallagher, J., Xu, Y. and Sigman, D.S.
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63. Krzyzanowska, B.K., He, K.Z., Hasan, A. and Shaw, B.R.
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62. Jung, M.E. and Xu, Y.
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61. Martinez, C.I., Ansari, M.A., Gibbs, R. and Burgess, K.
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60. Wojczewski, C., Faulstich, K. and Engels, J.W.
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59. Cullis, P.M., Maxwell, A. and Weiner, D.P.
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58. Voegel, J.J. and Benner, S.A.
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57. Carroll, S.S., Benseler, F. and Olsen, D.B., Preparation and use of synthetic oligoribonucleotides as tools for study of viral polymerases, in Viral Polymerases and Related Proteins, Vol. 275, 1996, 365-382.

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New approaches toward the synthesis of non-radioactively labelled nucleoside triphosphates as terminators for DNA sequencing, Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications, 61, S297-S300, 1996.

55. Lesnikowski, Z.J., Juodawlkis, A.S., Lloyd, R.M., Chu, C.K. and Schinazi, R.F.
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54. Schoetzau, T., Holletz, T. and Cech, D.
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53. Cherrington, J.M., Fuller, M.D., Mulato, A.S., Allen, S.J.W., Kunder, S.C., Ussery, M.A., Lesnikowski, Z., Schinazi, R.F., Sommadossi, J.P. and Chen, M.S.
Comparative kinetic analyses of interaction of inhibitors with rauscher murine leukemia virus and human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptases, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 40(5), 1270-1273, 1996.

52. Lutz, M.J., Held, H.A., Hottiger, M., Hubscher, U. and Benner, S.A.
Differential discrimination of DNA polymerases for variants of the non-standard nucleobase pair between xanthosine and 2,4- diaminopyrimidine, two components of an expanded genetic alphabet, Nucleic Acids Research, 24(7), 1308-1313, 1996.

51. Heaton, P.A. and Eckstein, F.
Diastereomeric specificity of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'- phosphodiesterase, Nucleic Acids Research, 24(5), 850-853, 1996.

50. Olsen, D.B., Benseler, F., Cole, J.L., Stahlhut, M.W., Dempski, R.E., Darke, P.L. and Kuo, L.C.
Elucidation of basic mechanistic and kinetic properties of influenza endonuclease using chemically synthesized RNAs, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271(13), 7435-7439, 1996.

49. Bailey, J.M. and Nelson, K.A.
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48. Malakhov, D.V., Semizarov, D.G. and Yasko, M.V.
Synthesis and Biochemical-Properties of Phosphonyl Acyclic Analogs of 2'-Deoxyadenosine Nucleotides, Bioorganicheskaya Khimiya, 21(7), 539-544, 1995.

47. Focher, F., Maga, G., Bendiscioli, A., Capobianco, W., Colonna, F., Garbesi, A. and Spadari, S.
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46. Semizarov, D.G., Yasko, M.V., Kukhanova, M.K. and Krayevsky, A.A.
New Nucleotide Inhibitors of Human Dna-Polymerase-Alpha, Molecular Biology, 29(3), 404-411, 1995.

45. Brownlee, G.G., Fodor, E., Pritlove, D.C., Gould, K.G. and Dalluge, J.J.
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44. Dewey, T.M., Mundt, A.A., Crouch, G.J., Zyzniewski, M.C. and Eaton, B.E.
New Uridine Derivatives For Systematic Evolution of Rna Ligands By Exponential Enrichment, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 117(32), 8474-8475, 1995.

43. Eaton, B.E. and Pieken, W.A.
Ribonucleosides and Rna, Annual Review of Biochemistry, 64, 837-863, 1995.

42. Horlacher, J., Hottiger, M., Podust, V.N., Hubscher, U. and Benner, S.A.
Recognition By Viral and Cellular Dna-Polymerases of Nucleosides Bearing Bases With Nonstandard Hydrogen-Bonding Patterns, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92(14), 6329-6333, 1995.

41. Fodor, E., Pritlove, D.C. and Brownlee, G.G.
Characterization of the Rna-Fork Model of Virion Rna in the Initiation of Transcription in Influenza-a Virus, Journal of Virology, 69(7), 4012-4019, 1995.

40. Puri, N., Hunsch, S., Sund, C., Ugi, I. and Chattopadhyaya, J.
The Synthesis and Reactivity of New 2-(N,N-Diisopropylamino)-3- Methylsulfonyl-1,3,2-Benzoxazaphospholes - the Utility of the 5-Chloro Analog in the One-Pot Synthesis of Oligothiophosphates - [Ap(S)Ppa, Ap(S)Pppa, Ppp5'A2'P(S)5'a, M(7)Gp(S)Ppa, Ap(S)Pppp, Ap(S)Pp], Tetrahedron, 51(10), 2991-3014, 1995.

39. Zamyatina, A.Y., Bushnev, A.S. and Shvets, V.I.
Phosphite Triester and H-Phosphonate Approaches in the Synthesis of Phospholipids, Bioorganicheskaya Khimiya, 20(12), 1253-1296, 1994.

38. Aurup, H., Siebert, A., Benseler, F., Williams, D. and Eckstein, F.
Translation of 2'-Modified Messenger-Rna in-Vitro and in-Vivo, Nucleic Acids Research, 22(23), 4963-4968, 1994.

37. Eliasson, R., Pontis, E., Eckstein, F. and Reichard, P.
Interactions of 2'-Modified Azidoanalogs and Haloanalogs of Deoxycytidine 5'-Triphosphate With the Anaerobic Ribonucleotide Reductase of Escherichia-Coli, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269(42), 26116-26120, 1994.

36. Okruszek, A., Olesiak, M. and Balzarini, J.
The Synthesis of Nucleoside 5'-O-(1,1-Dithiotriphosphates), Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 37(22), 3850-3854, 1994.

35. Arabshahi, A. and Frey, P.A.
A Simplified Procedure For Synthesizing Nucleoside 1- Thiotriphosphates - Datp(Alpha)S, Dgtp(Alpha)S, Utp-Alpha-S, and Dttp(Alpha)S, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 204(1), 150-155, 1994.

34. Quant, S., Wechselberger, R.W., Wolter, M.A., Worner, K.H., Schell, P., Engels, J.W., Griesinger, C. and Schwalbe, H.
Chemical Synthesis of C-13-Labeled Monomers For the Solid-Phase and Template Controlled Enzymatic-Synthesis of Dna and Rna Oligomers, Tetrahedron Letters, 35(36), 6649-6652, 1994.

33. Lowe, G. and Thelin, M.
The Stereochemical Course of Substitution of Sulfur By Oxygen Nucleophiles in 5-Membered Cyclic Phosphorothioates, Journal of the Chemical Society-Chemical Communications(17), 1947-1948, 1994.

32. Herrlein, M.K., Konrad, R.E., Engels, J.W., Holletz, T. and Cech, D.
3'-Amino-Modified Nucleotides Useful As Potent Chain Terminators For Current Dna-Sequencing Methods, Helvetica Chimica Acta, 77(2), 586-596, 1994.

31. Holletz, T., Moller, U., Knaf, A., Reinhardt, R. and Cech, D.
Synthesis and Application of a New Fluorescein Derivative For Fluorescent Labeling of Oligonucleotides and As a Novel Tool For Nonradioactive Dna-Sequencing, Liebigs Annalen Der Chemie(10), 1051-1056, 1993.

30. Ettner, N., Haak, U., Niederweis, M. and Hillen, W.
Synthesis of 8-Bromo-and 8-Azido-2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-O-(1- Thiotriphosphate), Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 12(7), 757-771, 1993.

29. Olsen, D.B., Wunderlich, G., Uy, A. and Eckstein, F.
Direct Sequencing of Polymerase Chain-Reaction Products, Methods in Enzymology, 218, 79-92, 1993.

28. Olsen, D.B., Sayers, J.R. and Eckstein, F.
Site-Directed Mutagenesis of Single-Stranded and Double- Stranded Dna By Phosphorothioate Approach, Methods in Enzymology, 217, 189-217, 1993.

27. Bebenek, K., Thomas, D.C., Roberts, J.D., Eckstein, F. and Kunkel, T.A.
Effects of 3'-Azido-3'-Deoxythymidine Metabolites On Simian Virus-40 Origin-Dependent Replication and Heteroduplex Repair in Hela-Cell Extracts, Molecular Pharmacology, 43(1), 57-63, 1993.

26. Aurup, H., Williams, D.M. and Eckstein, F.
2'-Fluoro-2'-Deoxynucleoside and 2'-Amino-2'-Deoxynucleoside 5'-Triphosphates As Substrates For T7 Rna-Polymerase, Biochemistry, 31(40), 9636-9641, 1992.

25. Cullis, P.M., Maxwell, A. and Weiner, D.P.
Energy Coupling in Dna Gyrase - a Thermodynamic Limit to the Extent of Dna Supercoiling, Biochemistry, 31(40), 9642-9646, 1992.

24. Austermann, S., Kruhoffer, M. and Grosse, F.
Inhibition of Human-Immunodeficiency-Virus Type-1 Reverse- Transcriptase By 3'-Blocked Oligonucleotide Primers, Biochemical Pharmacology, 43(12), 2581-2589, 1992.

23. Lee, L.G., Connell, C.R., Woo, S.L., Cheng, R.D., McArdle, B.F., Fuller, C.W., Halloran, N.D. and Wilson, R.K.
Dna Sequencing With Dye-Labeled Terminators and T7 Dna- Polymerase - Effect of Dyes and Dntps On Incorporation of Dye- Terminators and Probability Analysis of Termination Fragments, Nucleic Acids Research, 20(10), 2471-2483, 1992.

22. Gaur, R.K., Sproat, B.S. and Krupp, G.
Novel Solid-Phase Synthesis of 2'-O-Methylribonucleoside 5'- Triphosphates and Their Alpha-Thio Analogs, Tetrahedron Letters, 33(23), 3301-3304, 1992.

21. Nickel, W., Austermann, S., Bialek, G. and Grosse, F.
Interactions of Azidothymidine Triphosphate With the Cellular Dna-Polymerases Alpha, Delta, and Epsilon and With Dna Primase, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 267(2), 848-854, 1992.

20. Ludwig, J. and Eckstein, F.
Stereospecific Synthesis of Guanosine 5'-0-(1,2- Dithiotriphosphates), Journal of Organic Chemistry, 56(20), 5860-5865, 1991.

19. Schatz, D., Leberman, R. and Eckstein, F.
Interaction of Escherichia-Coli Transfer Rnaser With Its Cognate Aminoacyl-Transfer Rna-Synthetase As Determined By Footprinting With Phosphorothioate-Containing Transfer-Rna Transcripts, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 88(14), 6132-6136, 1991.

18. Ludwig, J. and Eckstein, F.
Synthesis of 5'-Dithiotriphosphate Derivatives of 3'-Deoxy 3'- Azidothymidine, Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 10(1-3), 663-664, 1991.

17. Koizumi, M. and Ohtsuka, E.
Effects of Phosphorothioate and 2-Amino Groups in Hammerhead Ribozymes On Cleavage Rates and Mg2+ Binding, Biochemistry, 30(21), 5145-5150, 1991.

16. Frank, B.L., Worth, L., Christner, D.F., Kozarich, J.W., Stubbe, J., Kappen, L.S. and Goldberg, I.H.
Isotope Effects On the Sequence-Specific Cleavage of Dna By Neocarzinostatin - Kinetic Partitioning Between 4'-Hydrogen and 5'-Hydrogen Abstraction At Unique Thymidine Sites, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 113(6), 2271-2275, 1991.

15. Slim, G. and Gait, M.J.
Configurationally Defined Phosphorothioate-Containing Oligoribonucleotides in the Study of the Mechanism of Cleavage of Hammerhead Ribozymes, Nucleic Acids Research, 19(6), 1183-1188, 1991.

14. Ueda, T., Tohda, H., Chikazumi, N., Eckstein, F. and Watanabe, K.
Phosphorothioate-Containing Rnas Show Messenger-Rna Activity in the Prokaryotic Translation Systems Invitro, Nucleic Acids Research, 19(3), 547-552, 1991.

13. Ludwig, J. and Eckstein, F.
Synthesis of Nucleoside 5'-O-(1,3-Dithiotriphosphates) and 5'- O-(1,1-Dithiotriphosphates), Journal of Organic Chemistry, 56(5), 1777-1783, 1991.

12. Heidenreich, O., Kruhoffer, M., Grosse, F. and Eckstein, F.
Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Reverse- Transcriptase By 3'-Azidothymidine Triphosphate, European Journal of Biochemistry, 192(3), 621-625, 1990.

11. Zhu, Z., Schinazi, R.F., Chu, C.K., Williams, G.J., Colby, C.B. and Sommadossi, J.P.
Cellular-Metabolism of 3'-Azido-2',3'-Dideoxyuridine With Formation of 5'-O-Diphosphohexose Derivatives By Previously Unrecognized Metabolic Pathways For 2'-Deoxyuridine Analogs, Molecular Pharmacology, 38(6), 929-938, 1990.

10. Kvasyuk, E.I., Kulak, T.I. and Mikhailopulo, I.A.
Synthesis of Phosphorothioate Analogs of Oligoriboadenylates Using Salicylchlorophosphite, Bioorganicheskaya Khimiya, 16(11), 1537-1544, 1990.

9. Olsen, D.B., Kotzorek, G. and Eckstein, F.
Investigation of the Inhibitory Role of Phosphorothioate Internucleotidic Linkages On the Catalytic Activity of the Restriction Endonuclease Ecorv, Biochemistry, 29(41), 9546-9551, 1990.

8. Sayers, J.R. and Eckstein, F.
Properties of Overexpressed Phage-T5 D15 Exonuclease - Similarities With Escherichia-Coli Dna-Polymerase-I 5'-3' Exonuclease, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 265(30), 18311-18317, 1990.

7. Olsen, D.B., Kotzorek, G., Sayers, J.R. and Eckstein, F.
Inhibition of the Restriction Endonuclease Banii Using Modified Dna Substrates - Determination of Phosphate Residues Critical For the Formation of an Active Enzyme-Dna Complex, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 265(24), 14389-14394, 1990.

6. Vantol, H., Buzayan, J.M., Feldstein, P.A., Eckstein, F. and Bruening, G.
2 Autolytic Processing Reactions of a Satellite Rna Proceed With Inversion of Configuration, Nucleic Acids Research, 18(8), 1971-1975, 1990.

5. Olsen, D.B. and Eckstein, F.
High-Efficiency Oligonucleotide-Directed Plasmid Mutagenesis, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 87(4), 1451-1455, 1990.

4. Garcia, G.A., Leatherbarrow, R.J., Eckstein, F. and Fersht, A.R.
Metal-Ion Dependence of Phosphorothioate Atp Analogs in the Bacillus-Stearothermophilus Tyrosyl-Transfer Rna-Synthetase Reaction, Biochemistry, 29(6), 1643-1648, 1990.

3. Mautz, D.S., Davisson, V.J. and Poulter, C.D.
Synthesis of O-Geranyl (1-Thio)Diphosphate, Tetrahedron Letters, 30(52), 7333-7336, 1989.

2. Olsen, D.B. and Eckstein, F.
Incomplete Primer Extension During Invitro Dna Amplification Catalyzed By Taq Polymerase - Exploitation For Dna Sequencing, Nucleic Acids Research, 17(23), 9613-9620, 1989.

1. Hopkins, S., Furman, P.A. and Painter, G.R.
Investigation of the Stereochemical Course of Dna-Synthesis Catalyzed By Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Reverse- Transcriptase, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 163(1), 106-110, 1989.